SUBHASH CHANDRA BOSE was a very brilliant student and patriot since childhood.
Subhash Chandra Bose was born in a large family in Orissa. He was brilliant since childhood and always remained top in studies. He graduated in Philosophy from the first class in 1918. From the earliest days, the wave of patriotism was running in his blood. When Professor Oaten of Presidency College had spoken a few words against the nation, Bose strongly objected, as a result, he was expelled from the college.

 ICS (now Civil Services) brought a fourth place in the examination

After graduating he went to England to take the ICS exam. He had promised his father that he would definitely show this severe test by passing it. It was just as expected. He found the fourth place in this examination. By the way, he did not mind working from inside to the government. The massacre in Jalianwalla Bagh had shaken him from inside and in 1921 he resigned from ICS during the internship.

SUBHASH CHANDRA BOSE 

elected twice the President of the Indian National Congress
After returning to India, Subhash Chandra Bose worked with the Indian National Congress and joined Swaraj and Forward Newspapers. He soon caught up in the Congress and was elected president of the Indian National Congress in 1938 and 1939. He was a supporter of complete Swaraj whose Gandhi used to oppose. Gandhiji and other members of INC were on the policy of giving India a Dominion status and gradually moving towards full Swaraj. For this reason, he resigned from the post of President and established All India Forward Bloc.

He sought help from the enemy of his enemy

When Bose realized that the British would not liberate the country so easily, they decided to seek help from the enemies of the enemy and contacted Germany and Japan for it. With this step, it can not be concluded that he was favored by Nazi ideology. He did this because he could in any way get out of the clutches of the British. With the help of Japan, he founded the Azad Hind Fauj, which fought in South East Asia from the Allied forces. With the Japanese army, he gave freedom to Andaman Nicobar and along with the mounting army, Manipur also reached. But at the same time, the US used Japan to use World War 2, which weakened the Japanese army and the Azad Hind Fauj had to retreat.

They were patriots of patriots

Although Mahatma Gandhi was against the ideology of Subhash Chandra Bose, he called Bose "patriot of patriots". Bose was truly committed to India's independence and this title was given by Gandhiji was not wrong. He was the image of the most talented personality and patriotism of that time, which inspired thousands of young people and women.

His death remained a mystery

People say that he died in a plane accident in Taipei, Taiwan. But his death remained a mystery only because his body was not found and the ashes were taken to Japan. Sometimes it is speculated that he was alive and stayed for a few years in Russia and returned to India. Taiwan does not have any records of the plane that had crashed. Recently, the first consignment of 33 confidential files related to Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose has been handed over to the National Archives on Friday by the Prime Minister's Office.

He lived in India as Bhagwanji till 1985

There is also a rumor that he lived for many years in Bhagwanji's name in the state of Uttar Pradesh. There he also had a name known as gummi baba. He had retired and again he did not consider himself to be in Indian politics. It is said that he died in Faizabad in 1985 as anonymity Baba. The face of anonymity Baba was perfectly matched with Subhash Chandra Bose.

In 1927, the Viceroy Lord Irwin called Mahatma Gandhi to Delhi and informed that a report is being prepared to bring legal reform in India, for which a commission has been created which will be headed by Sir John Simon. A key feature of the Simon Commission / Simon Commission was that only English was the English among its members.

Gandhiji considered it an insult to Indian leaders. His experience was that such commissions have been made to avoid the demand for independence. It was the opinion of all the leaders that the Simon Commission / Simon Commission is a way of dusting in the eyes and trying to sprinkle salt on the burn. The Government was seen watching the Simon Commission protesting from all sides and on 3 February 1928 the Simon Commission / Simon Commission landed at the port of Bombay. The strike was celebrated across the country on that day and Simon Go Back slogans started to be installed everywhere.

When this commission arrived in Lahore, the people showed black flags under the leadership of Lala Lajpat Rai and Simon Ganguja gave the sky with the slogans to go back to the commission. After seeing this, the police got out of the house and began to ladders. Lala Lajpat Rai was also a victim of sticks, and ultimately he died. Similar incidents took place in Lucknow, Patna and other places.

Sir Simon

Then the government announced to satisfy the Indians that some elected representatives of central and provincial legislatures will also be called in the commission. But they were not given any rights to those representatives. This proposal of the government was also opposed. The legislators refused to give their representative.

In the 1927 Madras convention of Congress, it was decided to complete the boycott of 'Simon Commission'.


While ignoring the complete boycott of Indians, the Simon Commission published its report on May 27, 1930. The main recommendations made in the report/report were as follows ...

• The government of India Act 1919/1919 Govt. Duplicate Government System / Diarchy System, implemented under the Indian Act, should be abolished.
• Constitution of the federal constitution for the country.
• The High Court should be kept under the control of the Government of India.
• Burma (now Myanmar) should be separated from India and Orissa and Sindh should be given separate province status.
• Increase the number of members in provincial legislatures / provincial assemblies
• It should be arranged that special attention should be given to the interests of Governor and Governor-General Minority Castes.
• The arrangements for the appointment of a Constitution Commission / Constitution Commission on every 10 years should be abolished.

Given the opposition of the masses, Viceroy Lord Irwin announced in October 1929 that India will be given a Dominion status and a Round Table Convention will be organized for the future constitution. Although as history is witnessing that there was no talk in these Round Table Conferences, still we can say that the Simon Report / Simon Report was the basis of the Indian Constitution Act of 1935. Thus the importance of Simon Commission cannot be rejected in the history of Indian independence.

Quit India Movement - Role

The August Revolution of 1942 has a very important place in the history of India. The slogan of this revolution was "British Quit India" and literally, it seemed like a moment that the British would have to go from India. The defeat of All-India in place of Second World War had already got stuck at the hands of the British, and on that, it was a revolution of 1942. It seemed that the English Empire is now going to break down.

The British propagated to get help from the Indians that Indians themselves are the owners of their own country and they should go ahead and protect their country because even the threat of Japanese aggression on India has increased. In 1942, when Japan crossed the Pacific Ocean, came to Malaya and Burma, then Britain considered the agreement to negotiate with India. The British feared that even Japan would not invade India.

But Gandhiji thought that because of the presence of the British, Japan wanted to invade India, so he demanded the British leave India and handed over power to Indians. If the British government was ready to hand over power to the Indians, then India could help in the war.

The British were not ready for it. So the agitators threatened the British to leave India. Many Congress leaders thought that this was not the right time for this movement, given the Japanese threat. Maulana Azad did not agree with Gandhiji Congress meeting was held in Wardha in 1942 and the program of "Nonviolent protest" was passed with the efforts of Gandhiji and Sardar Patel. On August 8, 1942, a meeting of the Bombay Congress General Secretary was held under the chairmanship of Abul Kalam Azad, in which the proposal to leave India was approved.

Gandhi Ji Arrested

It was announced in the proposal that a large number of mass struggle started. The government did not wait for the beginning of the people's struggle. Overnight, Gandhiji and other leaders of the country were also arrested. Gandhiji was sent to Aga Khan Palace in Poona. Mahadev Bhai, Kasturba, Mrs. Naidu, and Meeraben were also closed. But the leaders did not go silent after the leaders went to jail. People had adopted the slogan "Do or Die". Performed everywhere The violent proceedings broke out in the country. People burnt government buildings Strikes were taking place all over the country and the nuisance had spread. Viceroy Linlithgow plunged all its blame on Gandhiji. He said that Gandhiji has invited violence.

During this time Kasturba was killed and Gandhiji got malaria. He became seriously ill The Indian public said that they should be released immediately. Officials released him and his colleagues by thinking that he was dead.

Unsuccessful Attempt

However, the August Movement / Quit India Movement could not be successful and could not give independence to India. But still, it proved to be the most important in comparison to other Indian movements. This movement reached mass-dissatisfaction at the peak point. This revolt was a rebellion of the Indian public against tyranny and suppression, which we can compare with the Fall of Bastille or Russia's October Revolution. Now the matter of colonial independence ended and the British decided to leave India and we got independence within five years.

August-Movement - Reasons

The August-movement was not an accident. It is necessary to mention some of the major reasons behind starting the movement.

1. Initially, the attitude of the British Government was evident from the scheme of Cripps. England did not want to correct constitutional stalemate in India correctly. Through the Cripps-Proposal, the government wanted to prove that Congress is not a representative body of the general public of India. India lacks unity. So the transfer of power is not possible.
2. The fear of Japanese aggression in India had increased. The British had to be forced to leave Singapore, Malaya, and Burma. Before the departure of Bengal, the August-Movement was launched to transfer power to the hands of Indians.
3. During the Japanese invasion of Burma, the English government adopted a policy of discrimination with the refugees. Indians were being kept in a painful situation and Indian soldiers were treated poorly. Disturbed by the behavior of the British Government with Indians, Gandhi announced the August-Movement.
4. In eastern Bengal, the government had kept the state of terror. To keep the soldiers was forced to empty the house. Land acquired without compensation was acquired. It was necessary to initiate a movement against the dictatorship of the government.
5. During the war, India's situation had become critical. The price increased a lot. Paper currency is promoted. The masses were facing too much difficulty in living. So economic dissent could take the form of violent revolution. In such a situation, Gandhiji announced the Quit India Movement and gave the mantra of "do or die" to make India independent.

Today, we are going to read about Kheda Movement. Kheda is the name of a place in Gujarat. In Kheda (Gujarat), after the farmer's movement of Champaran, there was a peasant movement in 1918 AD. Gandhiji also worked tirelessly to improve the worse condition of farmers in Kheda. In Kheda, farmer class was suffering from enlargement and other exploitation. Occasionally the farmers used to express their indignation by not leasing the landlords. The crop was destroyed due to drought in 1918 AD. In such a situation the difficulties of the farmers increased.

According to the Landing rules, if the crop was 25% less than the normal level in any year, then farmers had to get complete exemption in the soil condition. Despite the government officials of the Bombay government, they were not ready to believe that the yield was reduced. So the farmers were not ready to give a discount. Farmers were constantly pressurized to pay the penalty.

Kheda Satyagraha

After Champaran, Gandhiji looked at the farmers of Kheda. They mobilized the farmers and incited them to satyagraha against the governmental actions. The farmers also gave Gandhiji a lot of support. Farmers stopped paying a levy to the British government. The farmers who were deserving to pay rent also stopped leasing. The government gave strict threats and attachment threats, but farmers were not afraid of it too. A large number of farmers participated in this movement. Many farmers were put in jail

By June 1918, this Kheda movement of Kheda had taken a broader form. Given this anger and fearless attitude of the farmers, the government had to bow in front of them and eventually the government promised to give relief to the farmers. The point of the address is that during this movement, Sardar Vallabhbhai came in contact with Gandhiji and in the long run, Patel became a staunch follower of Gandhiji.

Importance of Champaran and Kheda movement

If you talk about the importance of Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha in Champaran and Kheda, these two movements were done very quietly in comparison to the earlier movements. The farmers forced the government to do Satyagraha to improve their condition. The farmers won both the agitations. These movements led to the enthusiasm of the farmers as well as the whole of India, and the feeling of self-confidence grew. After 1919, the farmers organized the more organized movement. A Kisan Sabha, a powerful farming organization was also established.

After 1857, the Mundas started the Sardar movement, which was a peaceful movement. But there was no special change in the condition of tribals. Mundas decided to make the forthcoming movement a fierce form. The Birsa Munda movement was fierce and violent, in contrast to the Sardar movement. Birsa Munda, a leader of this movement, was a well-written young leader. This movement was started to fulfill various objectives. Therefore its appearance was also mixed. The movement wanted to achieve various objectives like economic, political change and religious revival. Let's read about the purpose, leader, and result of Birsa Munda Movement.

Economic Objectives of Birsa Munda Movement

The economic objective of the Birsa movement was the return of tax-free land of the tribals who were captured by Diku landlords (non-tribal landlords) for which tribals were struggling for a long time. Munda was unable to get justice from the community government Confused by this inability, he decided to end the English rule and establish Munda Raj. They wanted to expel all British officers and Christian missions out of their area. Birsa Munda organized the Munda with the help of a new religion. Mundas under their leadership revolted in 1899-1900 AD.

Birsa Munda's Leadership

Seeing the miserable condition of Birsa Munda tribals, he wanted to liberate them from the tyranny of landlords and contractors. Birsa Munda had experienced that the result of running peaceful movement in a peaceful manner was in vain. Therefore, they organized more and more young people to make this movement intensifying. Mundas accepted him as their god. Each of his words became as Brahmacharya for the idiots. Birsa Munda announced that no government would pay taxes. Munda obeyed and obeyed them.

Birsa Munda Arrest

In 1895, Birsa Munda was arrested in the crime of spreading uprising and anti-state conspiracy. He was sentenced to two years of imprisonment. After being released from jail, he became more active and motivated the tribal youth to move more and more enthusiastically. Secret meetings were held secretly in the forest and everyone was motivated to participate in the movement. They used to practice archery by attacking the Queen Victoria's effigy with arrows. In Birsa Munda Movement, many innocent people were also killed, which was just because they were government servants.

Repression of Rebellion

In 1899, a wide and violent insurrection of the Mundas began on Christmas day. First of all, the Munda who became a Christian and tried to kill those who used to work for the government, but later this policy was changed because the people who changed their religion were Munda then their own community. So he left the voice against the government and the missionaries. Munda tribal group invaded many churches in Ranchi and Singhbhum. Police became a special victim of the anger of the Mundas. The effect of this rebellion spread throughout Chhotanagpur.

Being worried, the government decided to suppress this rebellion. The government took the help of the police and the army. The Mundas resorted to the guerrilla warfare and faced the police and the army, but how long did the bow and bow fall in front of the gun? In February 1900, Birsa was once again arrested. They were kept in Ranchi jail. On them, the government sued for sedition. During the trial Birsa Munda became cholera and he sacrificed his life on June 9, 1900.

RESULT

After the death of Birsa, the Birsa Munda Movement fell looser. Birsa's three key colleagues were sentenced to death Many Mundas were jailed in jail, As a result, Birsa Munda movement failed. Adivasis did not receive any immediate benefits from this movement, but the government was forced to consider their serious situation. Survey of the land of tribals was conducted The Chotanagpur Tenancy Act, 1908 passed in 1908 itself. Mundas got many land-related rights and they got rid of unemployment. Munda community still believes Birsa as its god.

Lala Lajpat Rai is a very important place in Congress's extremist leaders. Like Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai in Punjab tried to bring new social and political consciousness. The people of Punjab called Lala Lajpat Rai with reverence as "Punjab Kesari".

Life of Lala Lajpat Rai

Lala Lajpat Rai was born in 1865 in Punjab. His father was a school inspector. Lala Lajpat was an intelligent intellect since childhood. They had great affection for ancient Indian civilization and culture. Due to this attachment, he studied ancient wisdom, religion, and culture in a deeper way. They were also opposed to foreign rule. His political philosophy was influenced by the philosophy of Dayanand Saraswati. By ending his education, he actively engaged in politics.

Lala Lajpat's place in history

In 1888, he got the membership of the Congress. He was quite dissatisfied with the Congress' moderate leaders and the Congress's alms policy. He was also an advocate of fierce nationalism like Tilak. Soon he along with Tilak and Bipin Chandra Pal made his militant group known as Lal-Baal-Pal (<< Click to read in detail). These people oppose peaceful policies of confrontation. Consequently, the impact of moderates within the Congress began to decline and the influence of militants started increasing. In the Banaras Congress convention (1905 AD) the militants also held separate meetings in the Congress pandal. Lajpat Rai also participated in it. He said that if India wants to achieve independence, then she will have to stand on her own feet by abandoning Bhikshavatma.

Different from Congress

After the partition of Congress in 1907, Lala Lajpat Rai was separated from Congress. This year, apart from the Congress, he started a comprehensive movement against the "colonization act" in Punjab. Together with Lala Hardayal, he also participated in the revolutionary movements. Consequently, the government arrested him and exiled him from India. After the exile, Lajpat Rai went to the US and from there he continued to participate in anti-national movement and anti-British activities. He also composed a book related to India's miserable condition which was seized by the government.

Rehabilitation of India

Lala Lajpat Rai returned to India in 1920 AD. At that time, the whole country was preparing for the non-cooperation movement under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. When Gandhi started his movement, Lajpat Rai participated in this and succeeded him in Punjab. Angry by his actions, the government arrested him. After leaving the jail, he got active again in politics. In 1923, he was elected a member of the Central Assembly.

He also became a member of the Swaraj Dal, but after separating from it he established a national party. In 1925, he was made the Chairman of the Calcutta session of the Hindu Mahasabha. When the boycott of Simon Commission was planned in 1928, Lala also participated in it. They led the anti-Simon procession in Lahore. Police barges on protesters It hurt Lala Lajpat Rai on the head. Due to this injury, he died on November 17, 1928. The entire country was stunned by their untimely death. Lala Lajpat Rai's valuable contribution to Indian freedom struggle.

Poona important point of public meeting

• To subscribe, each member had to present at least 50 adult people recommendation.
• In this institution, there were landlords, businessmen, retired government employees, teachers, lawyers etc.
• Each member had to give one-day income to the institution.
• Its chief members include Ganesh Vasudev Joshi, S.H. Sathe, S.H. Chiplunkar etc. were there.
• From the local members to the legislative council and work of the municipality, work of public welfare, etc., the efforts were made by the public meeting.
• In the first two years of the establishment, this institution has been active and opposed the tax increase.

WORK DONE

Poona public meeting took initiative in running the indigenous movement. During the famine, he worked relieving and stressed on creating a committee to check the status of the farmers. In 1874 AD, the money was sent for the assistance of the untoward of Bengalis. In 1875 AD, about 22 thousand people were signed and an application was sent to London, requesting that 16 seats for Indians in the British Parliament be reserved and it was recommended that the 50 rupees should be given the right to vote.

Poona Public Meeting organized a vital role in mobilizing political consciousness within Bombay, organizing the public and raising the spirit of country-love. Judicial meetings were also set up to resolve mutual disputes at the local level. The publication of the letter was started by the Assembly, in which the picture of the current pathetic situation of India was highlighted and the plan to improve it was highlighted.

WEAK SIDE

The work of Poona public meeting started to erupt soon in the eyes of the government and it was called the Anti-Reciprocity Union by the Secret Service Department of the Government. This meeting was a progressive institution, but it was unable to penetrate Maharashtra between the farmers and the lower classes. In fact, the new middle class, landlord and businessman held prominently in it.

In the conference of 1878 AD, a number of questions were raised before the government in front of the government, including excise tax, reductions in military expenditure, trade relations between India and England, arms law establishment of Indian Parliament etc. The Poona Public Sabha has been working as a bridge between the government and the people in its own way. There was a sense of synergy between various institutions of Maharashtra.